CLONING - COPY

What is cloning
 group of genetically identical individuals of the same mother-father
separation of asexual reproduction. Many plants around the area of the main plant to sprout, are colonized by multiplying by tuber or bulb. Countless copies of themselves to be asexual breeding bacteria are able to make all the time. They are completely identical to each other (except for strains had mutations) clones.


What is a clone and cloning?

Biological cloning according to the dictionary meaning defined in the following ways:

● A group of genetically identical cells, one cell to the original through mitosis occurs. Cell re-constitute the set of chromosomes and is divided into two daughter cells. Thus, the new ones in our body instead of dying cells occurs. Therefore, a clone of cells formed by mitotic division can be defined as.

● part of the original DNA sequence of the DNA molecule is created, reproduced by using a bacteria or virus. This is often called molecular cloning or DNA cloning.

● 'embryo Division' through the introduction of genetically identical animals. This situation naturally occurs in twins. Cattle, 4, and 8-cell embryo which, when implanted in each cell whether different mothers, the cells develop into normal calves. This technique is routinely used in more than 10 years of cattle breeding projects.

● a body cell nucleus, cell nucleus into an egg is removed by transfer of genetically identical animals, the occurrence of one or more. This is nuclear transfer (NT) or cell replacement nüklesu (Cell Nuclear Replacement = CNR) was formed in this way is known as Dolly.

The most important difference cansızlardan reproductive function of living things, ie, in the like carrying your own. The main purpose underlying the event of reproduction, males and females separately, the characteristics of the species, yavruya passed. Thus, the generation of the species is provided to more intact, as well as new varieties are created every generation, the same species. The basis of this mechanism, the characteristics of each individual species, is coded in the form of molecular code of DNA made of two fiber based chain carries the information from being copied. Sexually reproducing in the body of every living thing of all its genetic information in cells, one of the two teams who had come from his father as his mother is one available. Egg and sperm cells are then combined with fertilization caused by transfers of single cell (zygote) begins to play the role of written program as the beginning of a new creature. This is a full-fledged cell, ie, the fertilized egg, is constantly multiplying and dividing, each time making new copies of itself constitute a living thing composed of billions and trillions of cells. Advancing the development of a cell to cell in the trillions of cells in terms of copying some of the differences seen in a certain way from January. Not yet in embryo, the cells that constitute the audience of a few cells, many potansiyellidir. To be capable of such a cell dividing every thing will bring in your own copy of the same place, with different characteristics than copying a cell, for example, a muscle cell or bone cells, blood cells can produce yahutta. Thus, a human embryo, around about 200 different cell during development may occur, creates new textures. For example, a group of cells gözümüzdeki differed by winning the light sensitivity, sound sensitivity internal kulağımızdaki wins a group of cells, some cells karaciğerimizdeki very different structure to produce bile secretion won pankreasımızdaki insulin in some cells, and some special digestive enzymes to produce a chemical farklılaşırlar.Böylece in special sections of the body, such as specialized laboratory, and the structure of each task occurs in different tissues and organs. In this way, complete differentiation, cells no longer farklılaşmaz privatized, but they continue to make its own copy of dividing a certain extent, because over time, aging, yıpranıp aging or injured cells in any way be repaired and replaced by new ones need to rectify. No longer copied within the same tissue cells, the next is to do exactly the like. Liver cells, liver, intestinal cells, intestinal, skin as a skin cell is copied exactly.

Composed of numerous cells in our body every second, trillions of millions of these cells continued to divide the body continues to progress. Besides renewing worn-out cells. Cells, which are called somatic cell structural changes occurring in physiological and morphological, genetic inheritance and the next generation aktarılamamaktadır. Therefore, the biological effects of mutations that may occur in our bodies does not cause a change in the population gene pool. However, this is a different reproductive cells proceeds at sea. Mutations occur, the effect of frequencies will show later.

Sheep and human cells, including advanced cells (the nucleus of eukaryotic cells = cells), containing different growth phases of the cycle is followed. This cycle, interphase stage (the stage of preparation is not the division) and can be divided into distinct stages of mitosis takes place in the division. Cell, life cycle stage of interphase spend as much as 90%. In fact, this pause is not a quiet stage as it looks. In this circuit the cell, the division prepares all of the components. Life of the cell cycle G1, S and G2 are divided into three main phases.